11. but ( 除…之外 ) Who but a fool would do such a thing?

　　I have nothing but a book in my hand. I'm the last but one to get here.

12.by(经过) She passed by me without saying goodbye to me.

　　The woman is standing by the door. By the time we got to the station， the train had left.

　　By the end of the year， we have trained 400 people.

　　I came here by taxi. (by bus， by plane， by ship， on foot )

　　The girl isn't an actress by profession. (actor 男演员) What's the time by your watch?

　　Consumer goods production will go up by 6 % this year.

　　I met him by chance yesterday. (by chance 偶尔碰到)

　　We all have to abide by the rules. (abide by 遵守)

　　In order to pass the exam， we have to learn the texts by heart.

　　At the age of ten she began to live by herself.(by oneself 独自)

13. except (除去) None of us have seen the film except my sister.

　　He comes to school every day except Saturday.

　　She is alone in the world except for her mother.

14. for(为了)

　　Thank you for spending so much time listening to me explain.

　　Thank you for spending so much time listening to my explanation.

　　Forgive me for being late. (表原因) I'm sorry for what has happened.

　　The coat is for sale. (for sale 出售)

　　Whenever she is in trouble， she'll turn to her parents for help.

　　(be in trouble 处在困难之中 turn to 向某人求助)

　　We left Beijing for Shanghai last week. (leave…for… 动身去)

　　I sold the flat for 100，000 yuan. (flat， apartment 公寓，house 别墅，)

　　How much do you pay for the coat? (pay for 付款)

　　I do this all for your good. (for one's good 为了某人好)

　　They do this for the sake of their mother. (for the sake of 因为)